Medical case study report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical report - Case Study Example current medication include; Excelon 4.6mg/day, Warfarin  10/11 night, Ezetrol  10mg evening, Vitamin D 2000IU Daily, Panadol osteo 2x665 mg PRN, Dutasterid 0.5mg and Sinemet  (levadopa+carbidopa)100/25   5 pills a day. The patient falls of a chair and x-rays show blood clots on left knee and is administered Warfirm for AF, physiotherapy and dressing of the wound and blisters [1] This disease is characterized by loss vision sharpness, dry eyes as the disease progresses due to changes in the movement of the eyeball, similar to other motor symptoms caused by loss of dopamine neurons. This result into; trouble reading, the need to blink in order to change eye position, trouble opening the eyes voluntarily, known as apraxia, Eyelid spasms - blepharospasm, and excessive blinking, Dry eyes;  people with PD may blink only 1-2 times per minute, leading to itching and burning [2]. Changes in Perception includes: decreased sensitivity to contrast due to los of dopamine neurons in retina, color blindness, difficulty judging distance and people’s facial expressions and visual hallucinations due to medications. Advanced PD could also result into development of delirium due to prolonged medications. People with Parkinson’s may also have bladder problems, the need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full thus there is need to rule out the possibility of urinary infection or any immediate medical issue before administering a medication [3]. Carbidopa/Levodopa- Smaller doses of levodopa are required to prevent its side effects and being converted into dopamine in the blood stream and reduce nausea and vomiting and prolonged use also cause dyskinesias.Dopamine Agonists and includes: Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Bromocriptine. These medications tricks the brain to think that it is receiving the dopamine it requires and is less likely to cause dyskinesias but cause other side effects such as hallucinations, nausea and sedation [4]. Anticholinergics

The objective of the marriage statutes and same sex marriage Essay

The objective of the marriage statutes and same sex marriage - Essay Example tural justice for those responsible for formulating the statutes were expected to have foreseen the problem and adequately address it even before it happened. There is no way the marriage statutes could forbid same sex marriage giving clear definitions of marriage and what society should take it to be in some clause and then intentionally give another contrary idea of what marriage is in its subsequent definitions of marriage without raising any debate (Eskridge, 2001, 853-881). The idea of the marriage licensing laws not prohibiting same sex marriage can be taken as an intention to undermine the inefficiency of grammar in those laws to completely substantiate the object of the encompassing or parent law which is the marriage statute, the object being protection of marriage between people of different sexes for purpose of procreation. This led to existence of a loophole where people of differing opinions could create grounds of making believe the constitutional law is ambiguous in it s intentions thereby creating a constitutional avenue through which same sex marriage thrive (Snyder, 2006, 35). By passing that law the intention of the law was subverted and ordinary and approved use of language principle of interpretation of law was misused to beat the very intention of the law. The intention of the marriage statute is clear; the marriage licensing laws are a mere branch through which the objectives of the marriage act are attained and implemented. The marriage statute does not have a provision to indicate that it might have any other differing opinion based on how it substance is interpreted in its subsequent implementation. The meaning of marriage in the laws of Massachusetts can be taken to be silent and its true intent can only be arrived at when subjected to... This essay analyzes that the court's solution to this case far exceeded its jurisdiction mandated by article 30. It amounted to statutory revision when the court interpreted the gender-specific language as gender neutral which resulted into a statutory revision that replaced the intent of the legislature with that of the court.  This essay analyzes that the court's solution to this case far exceeded its jurisdiction mandated by article 30. It amounted to statutory revision when the court interpreted the gender-specific language as gender neutral which resulted into a statutory revision that replaced the intent of the legislature with that of the court.   It is clear that same-sex marriage has always been forbidden under the marriage statutes and that the court of Massachusetts abrogated the purpose of the substantive due process which is to protect existing rights and not create new ones, to deter government intrusion and not invite it. The Court should not have sanctioned same-s ex marriages giving a rationale that denying such a right would be tantamount to denying other rights such as raising children that are accorded under marriage. The legislature needs to have had some rationale basis to conclude that family structures of such nature have not been sufficiently concluded to be an equivalent of marital family structure that has established itself as a successful one through out history. People have the right to raise children in any manner of family structure as long as they don’t pause any danger to them socially psychologically or otherwise.

Topical Tax Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topical Tax Issue - Essay Example The guidelines are intended to replace the previous poverty proofing guidelines issued by the department of social and family affairs and in this article are referred to as poverty impact assessment guidelines. The poverty impact assessment process aims at identifying the impact of policy proposal on those experiencing poverty or at risk of falling to poverty so that this can be given proper consideration in designing or reviewing the policy. The process does not intend to fundamentally transform policies to target visibly the disadvantaged but are aimed to identify anticipated negative impact and put measures to counterbalance such impacts. Moreover, positive impacts are also identified so that they can be improved. As included in Budget 2007, these social welfare measures will benefit taxpayers at the lower bracket of income distribution. This is because the absence of such measures may lead to these taxpayers experiencing a significant deterioration in their income in relative terms. Analyzing these measures on the view of combined effect of social welfare changes and tax changes, they highlight that the most significant net income gain are to those on the lowest incomes. It indicates that much smaller gains will be to those in the middle to high income brackets. Proper analysis of these tax measures reflect that Budget 2007 is progressive in nature as it sees those dependent on the welfare are to accrue the greatest gains. Budget 207 ensure s that the lowest income groups gain more progressively that is from welfare payments as compared to higher income groups who are main progressive contributors to the cost of public service provision. The resources targeted by Budget 2007 are over 55% in the personal income tax package to those on low incomes as well as the elderly, widowed taxpayers and those with disability or under care of a person with disability. Taxpayers at the lower end of income distribution will as well benefit from taxation measures if they are to become exempt. This is due to the fact that the entry point to taxation has been increased in Budget 2007. The basic personal tax credit and the employee tax credit was increased by Budget 2006. This was meant to ensure that the minimum wage in its annualized form was placed outside the tax net. At the end of 2006, the position still remained as a key government's aim on tax policy and continues to be met. The entry level to taxation was increased in budget 2007 through substantial increases in personal tax credit and the employee credit. For instance, entry point for a single employee below 65 years, the personal tax credit and the employee credit was increased by almost 13% in Budget 2007. This is a sufficient increase as it ensures that the minimum wage per hour is increased and therefore its annualized form will not be liable to income taxation. Moreover, employee's health levy was increased to ensure that taxpayers in low income bracket were not liable for the levy. The income tax changes announced in Budget 2007 to the extent that they apply are intended to have a significant beneficial impact for those on low incomes. This is because those in low incomes will receive additional payment for each child below six years of age in comparison with previous years. In conclusion, Budget 2007 income tax measures are intended to improve

Medical case study report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical report - Case Study Example current medication include; Excelon 4.6mg/day, Warfarin  10/11 night, Ezetrol  10mg evening, Vitamin D 2000IU Daily, Panadol osteo 2x665 mg PRN, Dutasterid 0.5mg and Sinemet  (levadopa+carbidopa)100/25   5 pills a day. The patient falls of a chair and x-rays show blood clots on left knee and is administered Warfirm for AF, physiotherapy and dressing of the wound and blisters [1] This disease is characterized by loss vision sharpness, dry eyes as the disease progresses due to changes in the movement of the eyeball, similar to other motor symptoms caused by loss of dopamine neurons. This result into; trouble reading, the need to blink in order to change eye position, trouble opening the eyes voluntarily, known as apraxia, Eyelid spasms - blepharospasm, and excessive blinking, Dry eyes;  people with PD may blink only 1-2 times per minute, leading to itching and burning [2]. Changes in Perception includes: decreased sensitivity to contrast due to los of dopamine neurons in retina, color blindness, difficulty judging distance and people’s facial expressions and visual hallucinations due to medications. Advanced PD could also result into development of delirium due to prolonged medications. People with Parkinson’s may also have bladder problems, the need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full thus there is need to rule out the possibility of urinary infection or any immediate medical issue before administering a medication [3]. Carbidopa/Levodopa- Smaller doses of levodopa are required to prevent its side effects and being converted into dopamine in the blood stream and reduce nausea and vomiting and prolonged use also cause dyskinesias.Dopamine Agonists and includes: Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Bromocriptine. These medications tricks the brain to think that it is receiving the dopamine it requires and is less likely to cause dyskinesias but cause other side effects such as hallucinations, nausea and sedation [4]. Anticholinergics

Topical Tax Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topical Tax Issue - Essay Example The guidelines are intended to replace the previous poverty proofing guidelines issued by the department of social and family affairs and in this article are referred to as poverty impact assessment guidelines. The poverty impact assessment process aims at identifying the impact of policy proposal on those experiencing poverty or at risk of falling to poverty so that this can be given proper consideration in designing or reviewing the policy. The process does not intend to fundamentally transform policies to target visibly the disadvantaged but are aimed to identify anticipated negative impact and put measures to counterbalance such impacts. Moreover, positive impacts are also identified so that they can be improved. As included in Budget 2007, these social welfare measures will benefit taxpayers at the lower bracket of income distribution. This is because the absence of such measures may lead to these taxpayers experiencing a significant deterioration in their income in relative terms. Analyzing these measures on the view of combined effect of social welfare changes and tax changes, they highlight that the most significant net income gain are to those on the lowest incomes. It indicates that much smaller gains will be to those in the middle to high income brackets. Proper analysis of these tax measures reflect that Budget 2007 is progressive in nature as it sees those dependent on the welfare are to accrue the greatest gains. Budget 207 ensure s that the lowest income groups gain more progressively that is from welfare payments as compared to higher income groups who are main progressive contributors to the cost of public service provision. The resources targeted by Budget 2007 are over 55% in the personal income tax package to those on low incomes as well as the elderly, widowed taxpayers and those with disability or under care of a person with disability. Taxpayers at the lower end of income distribution will as well benefit from taxation measures if they are to become exempt. This is due to the fact that the entry point to taxation has been increased in Budget 2007. The basic personal tax credit and the employee tax credit was increased by Budget 2006. This was meant to ensure that the minimum wage in its annualized form was placed outside the tax net. At the end of 2006, the position still remained as a key government's aim on tax policy and continues to be met. The entry level to taxation was increased in budget 2007 through substantial increases in personal tax credit and the employee credit. For instance, entry point for a single employee below 65 years, the personal tax credit and the employee credit was increased by almost 13% in Budget 2007. This is a sufficient increase as it ensures that the minimum wage per hour is increased and therefore its annualized form will not be liable to income taxation. Moreover, employee's health levy was increased to ensure that taxpayers in low income bracket were not liable for the levy. The income tax changes announced in Budget 2007 to the extent that they apply are intended to have a significant beneficial impact for those on low incomes. This is because those in low incomes will receive additional payment for each child below six years of age in comparison with previous years. In conclusion, Budget 2007 income tax measures are intended to improve

Review of the Child Protective Services Investigation Process Essay Example for Free

Review of the Child Protective Services Investigation Process Essay In the beginning of 2004, the tragic death of a young boy in San Antonio, TX raised concerns about Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS) procedures relating to the investigation of the child protective services (CPS) process, including responding to telephone reports and assessing the risk of maltreatment accurately. TDPRS is currently under investigation ordered by the Governor, Rick Perry. The Governor stated, there is enough evidence from various parts of the state to suggest that some of our most vulnerable children are not receiving the protection they need from abusive situations. The evidence leads me to believe we have a systemic breakdown in the safety net that must protect abused children (www.governor.state.tx.us July 1, 2004). This paper examines current procedures in the investigation process and provides recommendations for improvement related to several of the details and feature of the operations process. Reinventing government initiatives draw heavily on supply chain management, total quality management, business process reengineering, and just-in-time delivery concepts that fall under the Operations Management umbrella.(Chase, 2003). Because this review is narrowly focused on the CPS investigation process, there are several essential elements of child welfare services that are not addressed in this paper, including substitute care and permanency services. OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL AREAS The overall goal of CPS is to protect the unprotected children from abuse and neglect. This report focuses on specific CPS functions and crosscutting themes. These functions are those that comprise the child protection response to allegations of abuse and neglect. Operational definitions described in this report include: * Screening and Intake the process by which CPS receives a referral and a report concerning allegations of child abuse or neglect, and decides whether or not to respond to the referral and report. * Investigation the process by which CPS determines whether child maltreatment has occurred or if a child is at risk of maltreatment, and the decisions and actions that are needed to ensure the childs safety. * Other CPS Response and Alternative Response a response to an allegation of abuse or neglect that assesses the needs of the child or family with or without requiring a determination that maltreatment has occurred or that the child is at risk of maltreatment for the purpose of providing the family with services. For each function, there are several different features. The workflow of these functions is described in Table 1. SCREENING AND INTAKE Receiving community referrals, which includes those from mandated professional reporters and the population at large, is the gateway to CPS. Features of the intake procedures include the availability to receive reports, methods for documenting reports, and timeframes for accepting and forwarding a report. Intake is available 24-hours a day 7 days a week, and centralized in Austin, TX. Referred reports are generally categorized into two groups. In the first group, CPS caseworkers are dispatched immediately for children believed to be in imminent risk of harm. In the second group, investigations are usually initiated within 10 days. The policies indicate that a decision protocol for forwarding cases for investigation. The hotline workers conduct quality assurance (QA) reviews on each case and decision to forward a case to investigation is made with supervisor approval. In case of sexual abuse and serious abuse, the case must be notified to law enforcement. INVESTIGATION The investigation function addresses the process of determining whether a child has been maltreated or is likely to be maltreated, and if services are needed to ensure the child will not be harmed in the future. TDPRS implemented the use of risk and safety assessment (IRA) as tools to guide decision-making as to when and how to intervene to keep children safe in the immediate future and to reduce long-term risk. The result of IRA was included at case closure, during case planning at any major decision point, or whenever circumstances suggest a childs safety is at risk. Investigators usually check if the childs family has had a prior validated report of abuse or neglect. Investigators then visit and interview the family, including initiating face-to-face contact with the children, and begin collecting information about the alleged maltreatment incident. If an investigator, during the initial investigation, believes that a child has been maltreated and needs the court to protect the childs safety, the investigator must initiate judicial oversight of the case, which can be time-consuming and complicated. While the investigator is following the procedures involved in investigating the alleged maltreatment, he or she is also developing a tentative plan to address those conditions in the home that CPS believes contributed to the maltreatment of the child. This plan ultimately becomes the case plan that outlines treatment services for the child and the family. The plan described what actions are required of all the parties involved to correct the condition that caused the maltreatment. OTHER CPS RESPONSE AND ALTERNATIVE RESPONSE The overall goals of alternative response are to provide a response option to those families whose situations did not meet the mandate or criteria for CPS involvement, to serve low-risk or low-severity situations, or to improve family situations. This is to emphasize partnering the families with the community and creating a network for the family, protect children and assist parents to recognize and remedy conditions harmful to their children, provide preventive services before the need of CPS involvement is required, and prevent the family from potentially being re-referred. The causes of child abuse and neglect are complex, and a case plan can involve referrals to an array of individuals, including caseworkers from other units in the agency, private service providers such as mental health and counseling professionals, other public agencies such as housing and transportation services. CURRENT WORKFLOW Documenting business process flows visually not only helps in ISO and QS initiatives, but it is the first step toward continuous improvement. (Gould, L. 2000) A good way to start analyzing a process is with a diagram showing the basic elements of a process (Chase, 2003) Table 1 describes the overview of current workflow from the time the report of maltreatment was reported to CPS until the completion of the investigation. Table 1 UNDERLYING PROBLEMS Because child protection is a critical service and because of the seriousness consequences of errors, CPS must seek to insure the quality, timeliness, and accuracy of the process both through detailed specifications (laws, regulations, and policy) and thorough supervisory oversight. However, the process must be balanced with systems that give workers and supervisors sufficient flexibility to apply sound professional judgment. Increases in the number of maltreatment cases, the changing nature of family problems, and long-standing systemic weaknesses have placed the CPS system in a state of crisis and undermined its ability to fully carry out the responsibilities for abused and neglected children. First, child maltreatment reports have risen steadily across the state. The caseloads of CPS have grown correspondingly, and CPS cannot keep pace with this workload. Second, these caseloads are increasingly composed of families whose problems have grown more troubling and complicated, with substance abuse a common and pervasive condition. Finally, systemic weaknesses, such as difficulty maintaining professional and skilled workforce, inconsistently implementing policies and procedures, and poor working relationships with outside resources has created a long-standing problems. The combined effect of difficult caseloads and systemic weaknesses may endanger the lives of children coming to the attention of CPS. In CPS, the staff sometimes deal with life-and-death issues, the knowledge of and consistent application of appropriate policies and procedures are critical. However, CPS staff is unable to consistently apply existing policies such as inadequate safety assessment. This is because policies change frequently, no procedures manual exists, and information is inconsistently distributed to all staff. By necessity, CPS should work efficiently and effectively with outside resources to protect children. However, the outside resources, like CPS, also face problems associated with the large volume of increasingly complex cases, budget cuts, and Medicaid reform. Unnecessary time spent to transfer or refer cases diverts the investigator from performing investigative activities on other open cases and create congestion in workflow. COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH OTHER PRACTICE In 1994, Missouri developed a new strategy to handle the overwhelming number of reports coming into its CPS system. Missouri recognized that state government, acting alone, had neither the resources nor the local community, neighborhood, or family base to effectively alter the cycle of abuse and neglect. The agency and local CPS offices have turned to the broader community of churches, schools, mental health providers, and others to expand their reach. By developing partnerships with these community groups, CPS is able to quickly increase the number of people available to serve children and their families, without increasing CPS staffing levels. The model in this state is also based on the premise that not all CPS cases require the same traditional approach. Instead, the models incorporate a flexible response, whereby CPS cases can be grouped according to the nature of the allegation, recognizing that different types of allegations required different responses. RECOMMENDATIONS Build Community Partnership Different types of maltreatment require dramatically different prevention and treatment strategies. It is critical for CPS to form partnerships between CPS and community service providers. This will allow the cases to be referred and transferred more smoothly and in a timely manner. However, ultimate success will depend on the CPS staffs ability to overcome certain challenges, such as developing willingness within the community to become more active in protecting children from maltreatment and to adapt to new roles and responsibilities. Refine the Key Performance Requirement Key Performance Requirements How to Achieve These Requirements Report Receipt (Intake) * Community awareness of when and how to report * Minimal wait to reach the intake workers * Effective use of the CAPS (agency computer system) * Enhanced phone system that provide real time information, manage call distribution to available workers, and support estimation of staffing requirements Screening * Immediate response to high risk situations * Reasonable timeliness of decisions on other situations * Sound screening decisions * Screening guidelines that provide consistent direction * Immediate access to relevant information system * Real-time consultation from experienced supervisors Assessment (Investigation) * Sufficient thoroughness; reasonable and prudent efforts made to obtain relevant information * Timeliness of decisions * Decisions consistent with information and with policy * Assessment guidelines that provide consistent direction * Assessment timeliness requirements that balance thorough information gathering with responsiveness * Reasonable caseloads and adequate number of staff * Accessible consultation from experienced supervisors Management Reporting * Information that enables management to make sound judgments regarding overall performance and other matters, such as staffing requirements * Information that enables supervisors to manage caseloads and monitor quality and timeliness * Use of the information to identify targeted improvements where needed * Real-time information about on-going cases * Reports on both the detailed (by worker) and summary (by unit) level on caseloads and case status (pending, deadlines, overdue, etc.) * Reports of quality assurance findings * Designation of specific performance measures that will be tracked and monitored with comparisons across local offices * Management reports on overall program performance including workload, timeliness, quality assurance results, investigation outcomes, list of outside resources, etc. CONCLUSION TDPRS is facing increased reports of child abuse and neglect, as well as a disturbing increase in the number of families with severe and multiple problems. The burden to improve the ways CPS responds to children at risk of abuse and neglect falls on state and local governments. When a process is operating at capacity, the only way to take on more work without increasing the waiting time is add more capacity (Chase, 2003) CPS management must recognize that the traditional approaches to child protection cannot keep pace with the demand for services. CPS needs to reach out to communities to establish partnerships among service providers, as well as our citizens. Furthermore, the CPS management team must look at the entire workflow of the operations process and recognize long-standing systemic problems. It is critical to seek ways to correct deficiencies and to build and maintain the personnel that will support the operations management strategies. REFERENCES: Chase, R. (2003). Product design and process selection. Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, Tenth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Chase, R. (2003). Operations strategy and management change. Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, Tenth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies. www. tdprs.state.tx.us www.governor.state.tx.us Gould, L. (2004) Designing a better business. Gardner Publications, Inc. Retrieved from www.autofieldguid.com on 8/23/04 McDonald W. (2001). National study of child protective services systems and reform efforts Literature review. Retrieved from www.aspe.hhs.gov.hsp/protective01/ on 8/22/04. http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/he97115.pdf

The Inventory Management System

The Inventory Management System When a business stocks materials and goods they sell, they are procedures that are put in place to handle how goods are received, stored and delivered, with this process been known as inventory management. Inventory is a physical resource that a business holds in their stock with the intention of selling it or transforming it into a more valuable state. The inventory could range from raw materials, finished goods, works in process or maintenance, repair and operation (MRO). The main concept of inventory control is focusing on the process of movements and accountability of inventory. This concept strictly bases on the principle of physical and cycle counting, physical and systematic movement of materials and, good accounting practices. In business management, inventory consists of a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Inventory management is the process of specifying the placement and size of the stocked goods within a business whereby the inventory is to be managed at different locations or levels within a facility or within multiple different locations of a supply network to safe guard production against overstocking or running out of goods. Inventory management could as be defined as managing inventory with the primary objective been determining and controlling stock levels within the facility to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. 2.3 Management System A management system is an information system that is used by a business to ensure they can manage and fulfill their tasks through a framework of procedures and processes. Typical management systems are used to maintain data within an organization as well as ensuring data is shared accurately, or for the management of services or products offered. A management system could also be defined as the integration of traditional management methods with a computer system to create a tool for strategic and automated information management. 2.4 Inventory Management System An inventory management system is usually used to automate a sales order fulfilment process. These types of system are designed containing a structure whereby it contains lists of orders to be fulfilled then prompts the sales employees to select the desired items and mark them packaging and shipping information. Modern inventory management system serve the purpose of keeping tracks of inventory objects whereby the system relies on barcodes or RFID tags to uniquely identify the object. When recording a transaction, the system automatically identifies the inventory object by scanning the barcode or RFID tag, and then additional transaction information is collected from the operator via work terminal which could be a workstation or mobile computer. The features of an inventory management system such as physical inventory counting and cycle counting can enhance an organization. With the availability of various kinds of inventory systems, in the current environment the size of a business is not a concern because there are various kinds of systems to suit any business. Figure 1: Basic Structure of an Inventory Management System 2.5 Management System Classification 2.5.1 Network Inventory Management System Real time inventory management system: use wireless, mobile terminals to record inventory transactions, the moment the transaction is processed. Transaction information is transmitted via wireless LAN to a central database. 2.5.2 Stand Alone Inventory Management System Stand alone inventory systems are usually employed by small size or medium sized businesses. These kind of systems work offline and are not connected to other systems. Stand alone systems are usually used to store Customer data and inventory, usually all stored on one local database. For example for small businesses like convenience stores and shoe stores, it could be an expensive business option to purchase and use an expensive electronic inventory management system hence a standalone application could be the nearest option to the manual system since it automates the basic functions of inventory management. It would not make sense a small business located in one location implementing a web based or network based inventory system when they only sale inventory locally. These kinds of systems are not suitable for large sized business in manufacturing or production with a study in 1996 by the International Mass Retail Association (IMRA), for example, concluding that stand alone manageme nt system packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. 2.5.3 Web Based Inventory Management System Web based systems are web applications that can be accessed from any computer with a web browser but without any physical application installed on the local computer. In inventory management systems, a web based application can be a smart move for businesses because it offers the benefits of secure storage, sharing files and accessibility which make managing your data with other hosted applications a smart strategy. A web application is an application delivered to users from a web server over a network such as the internet or an intranet. A reason for the popularity of web based applications is due to the functionality of the web browser as a client, sometimes called a thin client. When choosing inventory management applications, the ability of a web based application to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially a numerous number of clients is another reason why these kinds of system are becoming much favored by users. A key strategy that is been capitalized on by software companies is to provide web access to applications that are been distributed as local applications whereby these programs allow the user to pay a monthly or yearly fee for use of the application without having to install it on a local hard drive. Software companies that are following this strategy are known as an application service provider (ASP), and ASPs are currently receiving much attention in the software industry. The main concepts behind web based application is to centralize information hence by using databases to store data like consumer information, salespeople can update a clients address and the update will instantaneously be available to all users throughout the organization. Too many small and medium-sized businesses suffer from de-centralized information because they implement stand alone applications which are not a logical way of centralizing information. 2.6 Current Based Inventory Management System 2.6.1 Silver Inventory System Silver Inventory System is very popular software throughout the world, particularly with small to medium sized businesses requiring a mid-range, inexpensive standalone inventory software with a good range of features. Silver Inventory System is a complete inexpensive system for management of sales, purchases and payments. This system will help you in creation invoices, sale orders, purchase orders, receiving lists, payment receipts, product labels with bar codes and any kinds of the reports for monitoring your business. Inventory System allows the control of customer balances and vendor balances. Figure 2: Screenshot of Silver Inventory Management System 2.6.2 Golden Inventory System Golden Inventory system is integrated with QuickBooks and is able to track Purchases, Sales, Work Orders and payments. This is a complete inventory management system that performs the functions of Purchases, Sales and payments. The system guides you through the creation of vendors list, purchase orders, products list, receiving lists, sales orders, invoices, sales and payment receipts. In addition to product labels with barcodes, work orders for creation inventory assemblies, transfer orders between locations, customers and vendors balances and various types of reports for monitoring your business, it also supports XML synchronization with remote locations. Golden Inventory system works with MS SQL Server 2000, MSDE and desktop database files. Golden Inventory system works as a single application or as a client server system and as a distribution database system. You will be able to work with remote outlets and warehouses even without a reliable connection between them. The system us es unique data exchange technology in XML format that allows quickly processing orders and synchronizing information with all your branches. Figure 3: Screenshot of Golden Inventory System Features Golden Inventory Silver Inventory User interface Easy to understand interface that can be used without need for training. Application offers a simple to use interface, that could be used to perform tasks without the need of training Warehouse support Application can be integrated to support multiple warehouses for one company Support for warehouse is only limited to one warehouse for one company Point of Sale System has a point of sale panel where a sales transaction can be performed in real time Does not provide functionality for Point of Sales Security Users access functions can be limited depending on access level or role Secure security prevents unauthorized access from outsiders. Integration Supports a multi user environment Supports a multi user environment Inbound logistics Systems allow ordering for manufacturing operations. It also supports payments for ordered products and purchase orders at the same time reserving inventory for sales orders This system allows conducting payments for obtained products and for ordered products in the purchase orders. It supports the partial payments and payment under several orders or receiving lists. The payments arriving from sold products are similarly ensured. Other features Inventory reservations for Sale orders Work orders for manufacture operations Screen customization support Export reports in Excel files Compare and Comparison of Golden Inventory system and Silver Inventory System When comparing the inventory systems there certain features that feature in both systems and there some features that are absent in the other system. One of the key differences between the two systems is that Golden Inventory system supports multiple warehouses for a company meaning the system could be integrated between all warehouses as one system whereas the downside to Silver inventory is that it can only be integrated to one warehouse. A similarity between the two is that both can support multiple companies. In terms of size and functionality, Golden Inventory system is much superior to Silver Inventory system. Both systems offer the basic concepts of inventory management systems that is, invoicing, sales orders which is fulfilled by business, purchasing which would be the inbound inventory, barcode scanning whereby the inventory object is automatically identified before it is processed. Depending on the size of the business, Golden Inventory system is most suited for a large size business that could be in the field of manufacturing, stock supply or production and Silver Inventory is best suited for small to medium sized business because of the limited functionalities. Some of the key features that make Golden Inventory superior to Silver Inventory system are that Golden Inventory system can offer a Point of Sale Option whereby a transaction could be processed at a terminal and the inventory status is updated in real time. Golden inventory system can support reports from Microsoft Excel which means it can be integrated with other systems that could be run by a business. The Golden Inventory System has a feature to manage work orders for manufactures and the screen and work permissions by user meaning the added security whereby the access granted to each user can be defined exactly depending on their level of authority minimizing unauthorized access to functions and data not related to that user. REFERRENCES http://www.executivpro.com/#silver Silver Inventory System Software Informer: Screenshots http://www.softsea.com/review/Golden-Inventory-System.html http://www.softsea.com/review/Hunter-Perrin%27s-Inventory-Manager-and-Storefront.html http://www.sharewareconnection.com/golden-inventory-system.htm http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6647380/claims.html http://www.daniweb.com/forums/thread50946.html# http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_6_57/ai_69759746/ http://www.ehow.com/how_4421818_set-up-inventory-control-system.html http://www.barcodesinc.com/articles/inventory-control-system.htm http://www.retailsystems.com/retail-inventory-management-system.cfm http://www.womensenterprise.ca/resources/downloads/inventory-wholesale-retail.pdf http://www.seminarinformation.com/qqbpml/conference-for-warehousing-and-inventory-control http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_management_system http://www.thefreedictionary.com/inventory+control http://www.management-hub.com/benefits-of-using-an-inventory-management-system.html http://www.management-hub.com/is-it-wise-to-go-for-web-based-inventory-management-solution.html http://www.management-hub.com/use-of-network-inventory-management-software.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management_software http://www.ricelake.com/docs/prodinfo/white-papers/wp_IMS.pdf http://www.emco.is/products/network-inventory/advantages.php http://www.askdeb.com/inventory-management/hosted/