Parker

PARKER : Penning global strategy Ankita Jain Hrishikesh V Nilotpal Sinha Abhinav Sharma Great Lakes Institute of Management November 18, 2011 Caesar had perished from the world of men, had not his sword been rescued by a pen. Abstract In this study, we look at two strategies adopted by Parker Pen. The ? rst is a highly successful strategy of product di? erentiation through technological innovation. The second is an unsuccessful execution of globalization strategy. 1 A brief history of Parker Pen The Parker Pen Company was born in 1888 when George Sta? rd Parker tried to repair some fountain pens that were leaking and in the process began to manufacture his own pens. Six years later in 1894, Parker Pen won the patent of the †Lucky Curve† feed, which was claimed to draw excess ink back into the pen body when the pen was not in use. This technology remained the di? erentiating factor for Parker pens until the arrival of the Duofold in the 1930s. 1 2 The forty years period ra nging from 1920s to the 1960s, in the pre ballpoint pen era, was the golden period of Parker Pen’s reign when it consistently ranked either number one or number two in worldwide writing instrument sales.In 1931 Parker Pen created 1 2 Key words and phrases. Parker Pen, fountain pen, ball-point pen. This study was conducted for completion of the group project for Strategy Execution. 1 the Quink (quick drying ink) which eliminated the need for blotting and led to the development of the most widely used pen in history Parker 51 which generated over $400 million in sales. A Parker pen stood for quality, prestige, tradition, steadfastness and strength highlighted by the fact that Parker pens were the pen of choice to sign important documents in history such as the World War II armistices.Parker Pen expanded its business and by 1980s the company had extended up to 154 countries. The company adopted globalization strategy to establish market presence. However the execution of this st rategy was unsuccessful; the managers failed to create proper marketing strategies that would have made them compete in international markets with inexpensive products from other parts of the world. In 1993 Parker Pen was acquired by the Gillette Company, which already owned the PaperMate brand, one of the best-selling disposable ballpoints.In 2000, Gillette sold the writing instruments division to Newell Rubbermaid, whose own Stationery Division, Sanford, became the largest in the world owning such brand names as Rotring, Sharpie, Reynolds as well as Parker, PaperMate, Waterman and Liquid Paper. In recent years, Parker Pen has abandoned both the entry level market as well as the traditional retail outlets in North America and moved into up-scale luxury retailers. 2 Innovation as a di? erentiation strategy Throughout its history, Parker Pen has used technological innovation as a strategy to di? erentiate itself from the competition.The company has been a pioneer in research on writi ng instruments and introduced several revolutionary products . In this section, we look at some of the iconic products from Parker Pens which have driven both the company as well as the pen market. (The current portfolio of Parker Pen’s products can be found in Ref. [1]) 2. 1 Duofold – 1921 In 1921 the company introduced the Parker Duofold (Ref. [2]) fountain pen. It was a state of the art pen for its time and Parker Pen positioned the Duofold in the premier segment and priced it expensively $7. 00, equivalent to about $85 in 2011.In 1926 the Duofold became the ? rst pen in the world to have a guaranteed life of †forever†. It was an instant success. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used one to write the exploits of Sherlock Holmes. General Douglas MacArthur signed the document ending World War II in the 2 Paci? c with his 20 year old Duofold (Ref. [3]). By the early 1930s the Duofolds design had grown dated in the USA but it remained popular in Europe until the 1960s . In 1988, Parker launched the Duofold Centennial series of pens. The modern Duofold is a key part of Parker Pens product portfolio. . 2 Quink – 1928 In 1928, after three years of research and an investment of $68,000, Parker Pen came up with Quink (a portmanteau word from ’quick’ and ’ink’; also known as Double Quink and Parker 51 Ink) that would eliminate the need for blotting. The success of Quink lay in the fact that it had a number of useful features: it resisted water, it did not clog, it had the desired quality of ink ? ow, it resisted moulding, it was non-corrosive, it did not leave deposits, it did not fade, and, most importantly, it was quick-drying.However, the new ink was strongly alkaline and contained isopropyl alcohol, a solvent not previously used in inks, which often damaged the pen barrels of that time which were manufactured using pyralin. This problem eventually led to the development of the world’s most successful pen, t he Parker 51 in 1941. In 1941, when the Parker 51 was launched, Double Quink was renamed and repackaged as †Parker 51 ink† as a marketing initiative. Parker Pen’s ink sales became the key to maintaining the company’s pro? tability.This revenue generation model is used by the modern day computer printer companies, whose main source of revenue comes from the sale of printer cartridges. Further enhancements were made to Parker Pen inks with its revolutionary †Super Chrome† ink. This ink was marketed in 1947 after a research period that lasted 17 years and cost over $200,000. This was the ? rst basic ink improvement in the last three centuries. Today, more than seventy years later, Quink is still the world’s biggest selling pen ink. 2. 3 Vacumatic – 1933 The Parker Vacumatic (Ref. 4]) fountain pen was introduced in 1933, as a replacing the Duofold as Parker’s top-of-the-line product. The Vacumatic featured a new ? lling mechanis m which boasted a much higher ink capacity than the Duofold. The pen remained Parkers top-of-the-line product until the launch of the Parker 51 in 1941. The US production continued through 1948, and until 1953 in Canada. 3 2. 4 Parker 51 – 1941 In 1941 Parker Pen introduced the Parker 51 (Ref. [5]) which arguably is the best pen of all time both in terms of popularity and sales. General Eisenhower signed the victory in Europe in 1944.The futuristic design of the Parker 51 heralded as †Ten Years Ahead† of its time, a revolutionary pen, with its hooded, tubular nib and multi-? nned collector, all designed to work in conjunction with the pen’s proprietary ink, allowing the nib to stay wet and lay down an even line with either the ultra-fast drying ink or more traditional inks. It was advertised as the ’The Worlds Most Wanted Pen’ which created huge demand which took Parker several years to ful? l. By 1970, the Parker 51 generated over $400 millio n in sales, higher than that generated by any single pen ever. 2. 5Jotter – 1954 In the 1940, the world had seen a ? erce battle for market share fought between the traditional fountain pens and the new ballpoint pens. Despite some initial success, ballpoint pens died a consumer death and by 1951, the fountain pen became the pen of choice of the world. In 1954, Parker Pens introduced its ? rst ballpoint pen, the Jotter which wrote ? ve times longer than the best ballpoint pens available in the market, the Eversharp and the Reynolds ballpoint pens. It was the introduction of Jotter that revived the ballpoint pen market. Parker sold 3. 5 million Jotters at $2. 5 to $8. 75 in less than one year. In 1957, Parker Pen introduced the T-ball Jotter with tungsten carbide textured ball bearing which to this date remains an industry standard. The famed styling of the Parker Duofold was revived in 1972 as a ball pen and within the next decade, ballpoint pens overtook fountain pen as the number choice of pen in the world. 3 Rise of competition – 1980s After about a century of dominating the ? ne writing instrument market, Parker Pen entered into a period of crisis in the 1980s and the reason for this was that the company was driven by the wrong strategy.Parker was facing competition from three fronts. First, the Japanese were mass marketing cheaper and disposable pens and had captured a large portion of the low end market in USA and Europe and were gradually eating into Parker Pen’s market share. Second, like the Japanese, American brands such as Paper Mate, Bic, Pilot, and Pentel had created signi? cance presence in the low end segment and gradually eroding and were pulling away parker Pen’s customer. Third, in the high 4 end segment which had been Parker Pens main target segment, competition had become ? ercer with reputed German brands such as Montblanc and A.T. Cross making progress in the European markets. 4 Globalization strategy – 1982 Parker Pen faced two contrasting challenges. On one side the weakened dollar generated high foreign revenue since about 80% of the company’s sales were abroad, the pro? ts derived from those sales represented even big pro? ts when translated to local currency. But on the other side, this over dependency on foreign sales exposed the company to foreign competitors, especially the inexpensive brands from Japan which used low pricing as a strategy to compete in the international market.Parker Pen realized that a competitive strategy based on product di? erentiation through technological innovation was not su? cient to thwart the challenge from competitors. In 1982, James R. Peterson became the CEO of Parker Pen,having joined it from Reynolds. He was given the responsibility of reinventing the brand. Peterson decided to launch a global marketing campaign to target all market segments. A consequence of the decision to adopt globalization was standardization. Everything includi ng products as well as marketing campaign was to be standardized for all the markets across the world. Issues in executing globalization strategy When Peterson took over Parker, he was met by a highly proud, mismanaged company that prided itself on its extensive decentralization. The atmosphere re? ected the founders pride in the fact that they had a unique pen for every place in the world. They were a federation of autonomous geographical units. It became immediately clear to Peterson that huge changes were on the anvil. The immediate problems were twofold. The ? rst was the products positioning. Having positioned itself at the higher end of the market for a signi? ant part of the previous century, it had now began to face problems with regard to its image. It was clear that a complete clarity of its brand positioning and image was essential. The second issue that confronted Peterson was its complete ine? ciency in managing its product portfolio. When Peterson entered Parker, it di dnt even have a proper idea of the range of products that it was manufacturing. It was a situation of complete chaos 5 with more than 500 products in simultaneous existence. Its decentralized structure had completely turned against its pro? ability, resulting in every distant subsidiary and distributor involved developing a customized product for that particular market. While the company was proud of its decentralized multinational structure, it was ailing on account of an obvious lack of economies of scale and a uni? ed command and strategy. The company clearly lacked a common driving force across markets. However, this decentralization had its positive aspects as well, most notably in the area of advertising. Pens meant and mean di? erent things to di? erent people.While the Europeans tended to choose a pen based on its style and feel, people in less-developed countries tended to see a pen as nothing more than a badge of literacy. Within Europe itself for instance, tastes tended t o vary from one country to another. While the French showed a de? nite attachment to the fountain pen, the Scandinavians favoured the ballpoint pen. The company justi? ed the existence of numerous advertising agencies in its employ feeling that while it bred a certain amount of ine? ciency, it paid o? from a sales standpoint. Many individual advertising ? ms were able to develop excellent customized messages for their audience that successfully struck a responsive chord within them. For instance, the Lowe Howard-Spink agency in London was able to make the UK division of Parker the most pro? table division during its tenure. Its creative genius is clearly visible in the advertisement that it created showing a dead plumber with a giant Parker pen protruding from his heart. The situation seemed bleak to Peterson. He immediately implemented a strategy by which Parker would position itself in the entry-level segment.He felt that in the face of the trends at that time, this would be the i deal positioning that would succeed in turning around the company. He also dissociated Parker from the numerous advertising ? rms that it was associated with, retaining only one, Ogilvy and Mather, to oversee a worldwide common strategy in terms of communication and advertising. However, this strategy failed miserably on two counts. It failed to provide a customized communication strategy to each market and thus failed to account for the cultLural di? erences across geographies.It also failed to leverage the premium positioning of the brand and reduced it to an entry-level brand. 5. 1 Two speci? c cases of execution failures The following examples show two speci? c cases of execution failure by Parker Pen. 6 (a) At a corporate level, Parker Pen targeted almost all market segments. However at the business level, management failed to introduce products which would cover the market segments with middle and lower income levels. This allowed competitors with inexpensive products to take up the market. (b) Some of the marketing campaign failed to adjust to the local environment.For example, when Parker Pen ? rst expanded their market to Latin America, they wanted their advertisement to say, †It won’t leak in your pocket and embarrass you. † The company did not realize that the Spanish word †embarazar † has two meanings; it means †to embarrass,† and it also means to †impregnate. † So, to some unsuspecting people, the ad read: †It won’t leak in your pocket and make you pregnant. † (Ref. [6]) 6 Acquisition of Parker by Gillette and beyond In May 1993, Gillette announced its acquisition of Parker Pen Holdings Ltd (Ref. [7]). (See Exhibit X).This made Gillette the world leader in the pen market. Gillette took an after-tax charge of $164 million for a reorganization of its overseas operations, including the integration of the Parker Pen facilities into the Gillette structure. Nearly 2000 jobs were l ost as a result of this restructuring process. Gillette sold the writing instruments division to Newell Rubbermaid, whose own stationery division, Sanford became the largest in the world with brand names such as Rotring, Sharpie, Reynolds as well as Parker, PaperMate, Waterman and Liquid Paper under its umbrella.The next few years were one of a complete downsizing of Parker, marked by job losses across the board. In July 2009, the 180 workers at the Parker headquarters of Newhaven, UK were given notice that the factory was going to be shut down on account of the production moving to France. On August 18, 2009, Newell Rubbermaid announced that Janesville Wisconsin would close the remaining operations of Parker. This resulted in the loss of 153 jobs. According to the company, †This decision is a response to structural issues accelerated by market trends and is in no way a re? ction on the highly valued work performed by our Janesville employees over the years. † Newell Rub bermaid stated an o? er of transitional employment services and severance bene? ts. What remained of the Parker brand was moved to the upscale segment of the writing instrument market and was sold via luxury retailers. Traditional retail outlets were abandoned. This completely removed the brand from the entry level segment of the market. 7 In 2011, Parker Pen announced the ? nest innovation in the history of writing, Parker 5TH Technology which o? ers a genuine ? th way of writing. Until then the world knew only four forms of ? ne writing – fountain pen, ball point, roller ball and the mechanical pencil. ground-breaking innovation has rea? rmed placed Parker as leaders in terms of both innovation and market share. 7 7. 1 Exhibits Financial statement 8 7. 2 Product display Duofold – Lucky 8 Limited Edition Ingenuity Parker 51 9 7. 3 Current product portfolio TABLE I T ype Ink Quink Fountain Pen Duofold, Premier, Sonnet, Vector, IM Ballpoint pen 7. 4 M odel Facet, Execut ive, Esprit, Frontier, Urban, I. M. , Vector JotterAcquisition of Parker by Gillette References [1] http://parkerpens. net/catalogue/parker catalogue 2009. pdf [2] http://www. parkerpen. com/en/discovery/range/iconic/duofold [3] http://www. patricktaylor. com/parker-duofold [4] http://www. vintagepens. com/Parker Vacumatics. shtml [5] http://www. pentrace. net/penbase/Data Returns/full article. asp? id=468 [6] http://parkerpens. blogspot. com/2007/09/advertizing-campaings-that-wentwrong. html [7] http://www. nytimes. com/1993/05/08/business/company-news-gillette-completesacquisition-of-parker-pen. html 10

Impact Of Technology On Education And Society - 1139 Words

To whom this may concern, Recently the school board has been debating on whether they want to start â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week†, a campaign dedicated to getting students to not use any form of electronic media for an entire week. Though this campaign is only being aimed towards students, the loss of modern technology and media if directed towards parents and teachers would make their jobs much more difficult is not impossible. With that said, â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week† should not be implemented due to technology’s growing importance in education and society. To begin, most of us already know that students of the 21st century are quite tech savvy meaning they use technology periodically and get a great amount of use from it. Judging by the amount of time spent on these devices, it should be obvious that many students use these devices for reasons beneficial to their education. For example, is a student is having a difficult time completing a homework assignment, the internet will always have sources for the research needed for their assignment or tutorials on how to do certain math problems. Though it can be argued that technology isn’t allowing us to think deeply about certain things as said by this quote, â€Å"The fact is, you’ll never think deeply if you’re always Googling, texting, and surfing.†- The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains, it can easily be argued that from the research and information gathered from the internet can be used in a productiveShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Education And Society1139 Words   |  5 Pagescampaign is only being aimed towards students, the loss of modern technology and media if directed towards parents and teachers would make their jobs much more difficult is not impossible. With that said, â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week† should not be implemented due to technology’s growing importance in education and society. To begin, most of us already know that students of the 21st century are quite tech savvy meaning they use technology periodically and get a great amount of use from it. Judging byRead MoreTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. 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Technology’s used in business, educationRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Society Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesRATIONALE The predominance of technology has significantly influenced our society. Technology is being used all over the place, anywhere and is instant. When we say technology, it can mean a lot of things. But according to the New Zealand Ministry of Education, â€Å"technology is the use of practical and intellectual resources to develop products and systems (technological outcomes) that expand human possibilities by addressing needs and realising opportunities.† Technology is currently more complex andRead MoreTechnology, Social Media, And Education890 Words   |  4 PagesThe three most significant new developments in society during my lifetime thus far would be: technology, social media, and education. For my father, the three most significant new developments in society throughout his lifetime would be the Soviet/Afghan War, migration, and technology. In the past decade, technology has revolutionized the way humans in society today think, speak, work and communicate. With the rapid progression of technology, the world has become a smaller place; keeping in touch Impact Of Technology On Education And Society - 1139 Words To whom this may concern, Recently the school board has been debating on whether they want to start â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week†, a campaign dedicated to getting students to not use any form of electronic media for an entire week. Though this campaign is only being aimed towards students, the loss of modern technology and media if directed towards parents and teachers would make their jobs much more difficult is not impossible. With that said, â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week† should not be implemented due to technology’s growing importance in education and society. To begin, most of us already know that students of the 21st century are quite tech savvy meaning they use technology periodically and get a great amount of use from it. Judging by the amount of time spent on these devices, it should be obvious that many students use these devices for reasons beneficial to their education. For example, is a student is having a difficult time completing a homework assignment, the internet will always have sources for the research needed for their assignment or tutorials on how to do certain math problems. Though it can be argued that technology isn’t allowing us to think deeply about certain things as said by this quote, â€Å"The fact is, you’ll never think deeply if your always Googling, texting, and surfing.†- The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains, it can easily be argued that from the research and information gathered from the internet can be used in a productiveShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Education And Society1139 Words   |  5 Pagescampaign is only being aimed towards students, the loss of modern technology and media if directed towards parents and teachers would make their jobs much more difficult is not impossible. With that said, â€Å"Shut Down Your Screen Week† should not be implemented due to technology’s growing importance in education and society. To begin, most of us already know that students of the 21st century are quite tech savvy meaning they use technology periodically and get a great amount of use from it. Judging byRead MoreTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. Although there are plenty of good things about technology, the way we use it determines if it impacts are positiveRead MoreThe Concept Of E Learning Inclusion Into An Education Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept of e-learning inclusion into an education begins with the teacher and the manner in which they teach. A simple explanation of the view is that the teacher is the final authority and source of knowledge.The problem for many teachers is transition of teaching in manner than accommodate the use of technology. Mining how they have previously been teaching with the use of technology which gives birth to e-learning. In e-learning, Technology is simply a mean that teachers may use in differentRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Society792 Words   |  4 Pages How Technology Affects Society Without technology, would the world people live in today be as successful? Bill Gates once stated, â€Å"’The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency.’ ‘The second is that automation is applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.’† Although some people feel that technology makes a negative impact on society, it does not. Technology has improved theRead MoreImpact Of Technological Advancement On Education1071 Words   |  5 PagesTechnological Advancement In Education. â€Å"Education is evolving due to the impact of Internet. We cannot teach our students in the same manner in which we are taught† –April Chamberlain. In the present generation, the technology available in comparison to the technology preceding this generation is great and powerful. It has changed tremendously in globalized system. Technology advancement made in education has made student to access stored information because of these development, it is easy to getRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society1007 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Essay: Impact of technology in our society There is no doubt that technology has been bettering the way that we learn and makes it more enjoyable and easier than ever. No more fear from going to school early, meet teachers and waste time looking for books on large library shelves. Nowadays with the modern technology people save time, money and energy. They can do a vast number of important things in brief time, with a simple click even while staying in their beds. Of course, not everythingRead MoreTech vs Men1223 Words   |  5 PagesJune 2013 Technology and Social behavior. When human beings are supposed to be free by nature, the truth is that we possess an obvious tendency to live under certain regimes that mark us and define us throughout our lives. We are creating in our own environment some features that enslave us but we are curiously interested to maintain. The essay is to support the idea that men,from birth, is victim of a consecutive series of technological regimes that has as a result an impact on society. It is aRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1198 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is used on a daily basis to accomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology increases human capabilities and this technology has evolved with years. Technology simplifies life in so many ways and everyone defines technology in their own way. They’re new types of technology on the market, this technology simplifies our daily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technology’s used in business, educationRead MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Society Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesRATIONALE The predominance of technology has significantly influenced our society. Technology is being used all over the place, anywhere and is instant. When we say technology, it can mean a lot of things. But according to the New Zealand Ministry of Education, â€Å"technology is the use of practical and intellectual resources to develop products and systems (technological outcomes) that expand human possibilities by addressing needs and realising opportunities.† Technology is currently more complex andRead MoreTechnology, Social Media, And Education890 Words   |  4 PagesThe three most significant new developments in society during my lifetime thus far would be: technology, social media, and education. For my father, the three most significant new developments in society throughout his lifetime would be the Soviet/Afghan War, migration, and technology. In the past decade, technology has revolutionized the way humans in society today think, speak, work and communicate. With the rapid progression of technology, the world has become a smaller place; keeping in touch

Economic Integration and Global Markets to Uk Business...

Table of contents Introduction-----------------------------------------------------2 Main body---------------------------------------------------------3 The definition of International trade------------------------3 The reason of International trade----------------------------3 The importance of international trade---------------------3 Economic integration and global markets to UK business organizations-----------------------------------------4 The impact of two policies of the European Union on UK business organizations------------------------------------5 The impact of fiscal policies on the UK business------------5 The impact of monetary policy on the UK business---------6 The economic implications for the UK of entry into†¦show more content†¦Even the richest countries buy raw materials for their industries from the poorest countries. If every country produces only for its own needs, then production and consumption of goods would be limited. Clearly, such situation hampers economic progress. Furthermore, the standard of living of the people all over the world would have no chance to improve. Because of international trade, people with money can acquire goods and services which are not available in their own countries. Hence, satisfaction of consumers can be maximized.ï ¼Ë†hubpages, 2011ï ¼â€° Economic integration and global markets to UK business organizations Globalization gives companies access to wider markets and consumers access to a greater variety of goods and services. But the benefits of globalization are not always shared by all of the parties involved in trade. Unfortunately, developing countries—which need the potential benefits of globalization the most—are often the losers. The downside of global capitalism is the disruption of whole societies, from financial meltdowns to practices by multinationals that would never be tolerated in the West, the Business Week article noted. 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Yet, Innovation is not necessarily about new technology, excessive research and development or about creating completely new ideas. Most

Women s Rights Of Women - 1162 Words

Women in Jesus’s time were treated very poorly and were limited to many things they could do. Women always either had to be with their father or husband and were basically treated as slaves. Also, women were inferior to men during this time period and women didn t even have the right to testify in courts. A wife could never divorce her husband. However, a husband could divorce their wife for any reason, and he would not have to pay any money to take care of her. The father or husband would have to be a male escort in order for women to walk around in public places. Women weren t allowed to speak unless they were spoken too and had very little rights or say in anything at the time. Women were treated basicly like slaves and not how a person should be ever be treated. The samaritan women is a story with Jesus and has to do with water, and the fate of a woman. This woman wasn t accepted by her own people because she went to the well by herself and it also had to take a lot for the samaritan women to talk to a jewish person. She went to the well at noon and that shows she is an outcast of the community because no one during that time period got water in the middle of the hot day. The women had five husbands and in jesus time period that was an unheard of thing. Jesus was just passing through Samaria and asked this woman for some water from a well. The women didn t like the fact that jesus was jewish and was being rude to him. Then Jesus said to her go and get yourShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. 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Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade Free Essays

Social order is the way individuals fit together with others and things around them (E. Silva, 2009, page 311), it’s what keeps society running smoothly. Order is the implicit (unwritten and unspoken) and explicit (laws, written and spoken) rules that control society’s behaviour and make individuals courteous and respectful to one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade or any similar topic only for you Order Now These rules usually go unnoticed and it is only when something happens that is against the norm (earthquake, car accident, and mugging, among other examples) that people begin to question the rules that keep them in order. Both Goffman and Foucault made attempts to explain how order is made and remade. Goffman used a micro approach to explaining order; that is, he concentrated on the individual and patterns of everyday interactions while Foucault used a macro approach, looking at wider society, genealogy and power to explain order. There are many similarities and differences between their approaches. Goffman’s work on interactional order argued that individuals are performers, who act, adopt a mask or follow the norm in their everyday lives (S. Taylor, 2009, page 172). He argued that order is made and remade through every day interactions and that the order is created by repetition and improvisation. He believes that social change comes about due to actions being built and rebuilt (E. Silva, 2009, page 317). Goffman examined rituals and interactions in everyday lives and saw how tact and trust were shown through the use of actions, gestures and language between strangers. Strangers exchange a number of codes of civil indifference through implicit contracts which both allow acknowledgement and protection. However, order breaks down when these codes are misinterpreted or misread and on some occasions punishment follows. First impressions are important and Goffman believes that individuals ‘put on a show’ to try and manage the impression they are giving which helps us to read the situation and categorise people to make a sense of order. Foucault however, looked at discourse (a set of shared ideas used to view the functions of society) and how order is controlled by knowledge and power. Foucault looked at how the knowledge of order comes about (E. Silva, 2009, page 319). He argued that the authority to intervene is allocated to certain individuals (or institutions) and is instigated through practices of law, punishment and education and that different institutions (school, family, workplace for example) have different powers of intervention to regulate behaviour and order. Discourses help shape society towards popular attitudes and allow people to know if they are ‘normal’ by behaving in a certain way. Foucault disputes Goffman’s idea that the individual is self-aware, coherent and in control, he believes that individuals have very little control and that we behave according to knowledge gained through socialisation that we ‘pick up’ as we age. Foucault sees individuals as docile and passive who cooperate in subordination. Foucault believes in a disciplinary society dominated by professionals (experts) who use discourse based on knowledge and power to make and remake social order. Foucault believes there are three different types of power involved in making social order. Sovereign power (power of society’s ruling authority; monarchy, state or political authority) exercises power through the ability to visibly punish wrong-doers. The second form of power is surveillance, where information is gathered and held to keep people in line, to control their behaviour and make them conform to social order. People understand they are under constant surveillance and begin to adjust their behaviour to regulate conduct to be ‘normal’. The third for of power is self-directing and active. This is when individuals believe they are unique and as a result of internalised discipline they order themselves (E. Silva, 2009, pages 321-322). A good example of social order in process is road traffic and road design. The Buchanan Report (Ministry of Transport, 1963) was commissioned to produce a new design for space and roads in the towns around the UK. It was produced in response to the rising number of traffic in towns and residential areas and was about the needs of individuals to live with motor vehicles (E. Silva, 2009, page 327). Buchanan used the argument of scientific rationality (the universally accepted standards that are understood by knowledge), claiming that ‘†¦ Guesswork and intuition can be largely eliminated; given the necessary information†¦ ’ (Buchanan cited in E. Silva, 2009, page 329). Buchanan concluded that traffic and pedestrians need to be segregated and bound by rules through visible displays (such as signs, speed humps and so on). Buchanan’s report is an example of the modernist approach, where space is controlled by rules, prohibitions and orders requiring motorists to adapt to known systems of motoring. Buchanan uses scientific rationality to explain how road users know the rules of the road. He believes that through visible signs and knowledge people learn how to use the road orderly and safely. Foucault claims that people learn order through the knowledge of discourse. He believes that individuals are docile and subordinate and follow rules that have been taught through power by ‘experts’. The Buchanan report shows individual intuition has been eliminated; Foucault also believes that individuals are not in control of their own destinies (E. Silva, 2009, page 321). In contrast to the Buchanan report and Foucault’s order of things approach, Monderman’s thesis allows for individual thought and awareness. Monderman, after years of segregation between vehicles and pedestrians suggested a theory of ‘shared-space’ for road and path users. Starting in the Netherlands in the early 80s, Monderman carried out experiments on road design to show that by creating areas where pedestrians, vehicles and cyclists share the same space to move around, road safety can be improved and awareness of motorists can be increased. Monderman believed people moved round in ‘zombie-like’ states while driving on traditional road designs (segregation of motorists and pedestrians) and are taught to blindly follow instructions and not to think for themselves. He believes this is when accidents occur (order is disrupted) (Monderman cited in E. Silva, 2009, 334-335). In his experiment in the town of Oudeshaske, Netherlands, he removed all road signs, barriers, etc and created an even surface with no road or path markings. He replaced these with trees, flowers and in some areas even fountains to help control behaviour on the roads by psychologically calming traffic by reducing speed and making motorists and pedestrians alike more aware of others around them. Both motorists and pedestrians have to make eye contact before moving/crossing thus making them responsible and aware of their own behaviour. Monderman’s flexible approach of the shared-space scheme, allow for individuals to act of their own accord and to make their own decisions on social order. This is similar to Goffman’s interactional order, where he believes everyday interactions are responsible for making social order. Monderman believes there is a redistribution of expertise, with individuals becoming experts in road safety and their abilities to negotiate shared space (e. Silva, 2009, page 341) and Goffman also believes that individual performers are responsible for creating social change to produce order. In his work, Goffman used participant observation and ethnography to support his theory. By using these methods he studied current issues to find invisible social order to capture the understanding and manifestation of how society is ordered. Foucault however, studied historical documents to question familiarities in the present and found that through processes of social development, social order was created (E. Silva, 2009, page 323). Their methods of investigation differ and this can also have an effect on outcomes. Participant observation can be biased. However, searching historical evidence can only be as reliable as the record keepers at the time. Overall, both Goffman and Foucault have produced theories on how social order is created and maintained, they both agree that society is and integration of fragments being ordered differently, for Goffman these are individual interactions and Foucault believes they are discourses organised by knowledge and power (E. Silva, 2009, page 323). By looking at the present and the individual, Goffman fails to allow for historical influences to factor in to how order is made, Foucault however, allows for historical influences, but fails to allow for the impact of individual personality in the creation of social order. Foucault’s macro theory looks at wider society to explain how social order is formed, this can be beneficial because he looks at historical evidence to see how present social order is formed. Goffman’s micro theory looks at smaller everyday actions and interactions and shows how individuals are responsible (to some extent) for creating social order. How to cite Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade, Essays

Internal and External Environment Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Internal and External Environment Analysis. Answer: Introduction: The newspaper has defined the American journalism for decades, but recently it struggles to adapt to the new media landscape. The online media has overtaken the news advertising and news readership thus posing fierce competition to the print media (Pew Research Center 2016). Most of the players in the newspaper industry have diversified into this online news segment, as other suppliers are giving them stiff competition because of their digital news contents (Barthel 2017). For instance, the competitors like BuzzFeed, Huffington Post, and TV news suppliers are among the established newspaper suppliers through their websites. The revenue projects show the industry will continue to report a decline in its revenues (Atrill McLaney 2011). The PESTEL analysis tool focuses on the macro-environment that affects the industry thus shaping the competitive landscape. The industry has fair legal and political restrictions. The copyright laws and regulations continue to protect the writers as no print media can produce their work without approval (Pew Research Center 2016). The contents are never restricted because of the freedom of speech. The revenue streams depend on subscriptions and advertisements that depend on the economy. Subscribers and businesses are price elastic (Barthel 2017). With hard economic times, the subscription level has declined because of decreased readership. The revenue has fallen to $38.51 billion (NYT 2013). Subscriptions in the old newspaper industry attract wealthy, educated, and older customers whose annual income is more than $100,000 (Internet Society 2014). The industry focuses on the content to appeal to the mass. The internet has changed the mass communication model thus affecting the external environment (Internet Society 2014). The internet has reduced entry barriers thus increasing the competitiveness (Barthel 2017). The companies require low capital costs to enter the new market. The Internet connection is widespread and readers can easily access and open the sites where they can read the newspapers (Pew Research Center 2016). The online news medium seems to have increased the readership across the world compared to the prints. VRIO Framework: New York Time Maximizes the iPhone users by offering younger readers access to news Maximizes the user-generated contents (Barthel 2017) New York Times has enough resources including personnel and finance to maximize the value thus create a competitive advantage (NYT 2013). Rare Capabilities The resources need to deliver high-quality journalism using the unique strategy including the internet and digital platforms (Atrill McLaney 2011). This will give NYT an opportunity to overcome its competitors like WSJ.com, CNN.com, MSNBC, Google News, Huffingtonpost.com, The Economists, Bloomberg Business Week, The Financial Times, and Times in the market (NYT 2013). Inimitable capabilities The NYT enjoys the weekly circulation potential because of the total average circulation of 1,865,318 (Barthel 2017). The status of NYT newspapers is incomparable regarding the journalism reputation and national distribution. The company used its unique status to raise the cover price to $2.50 because of the quality journalism (NYT 2013). The resources of the company are strategically equivalent to the valuable resources (Langheim et al., 2014). The company should undertake cost-cutting strategies including outsourcing functions, consolidating operations, and use an online business model. Bibliography Atrill, P McLaney, E 2011, Accounting and finance for non-specialists, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Ltd. Barthel, M 2017, Despite subscription surges for largest U.S newspapers, circulation and revenue fall for industry overall, Pewresearch.org, June 1, viewed https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/01/circulation-and-revenue-fall-for-newspaper-industry/. Internet Society 2014, Global internet report 2014, viewed 4 October 2017, https://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/Global_Internet_2014_0.pdf. Langheim, R et al. 2014, Smart grid coverage in U.S newspapers: characterizing public conversations, The Electricity Journal, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 77-87. Pew Research Center, 2016, State of the news media 2016, PewResearchCenter, June 15, viewed 5 October 2017, https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/30143308/state-of-the-news-media-report-2016-final.pdf. The New York Times (NYT) 2013, Annual Report 2013, viewed 5 October 2017, https://investors.nytcom.com/files/doc_financials/annual/2013/2013%20Annual%20Report.pdf.

SIS 5 Essays (322 words) - Music, Electronic Dance Music

Siddarth Luthra SIS 5 Character Count:1,644 As of now I have one and only one goal following high school. I want to combine my passions into something I can make a living off of. I am a fan of music, being a DJ, and I love anything STEM related. I have been "DJing" for two years, I play the piano, trombone, drum set. I also build PC's, 3D printers, code, and I am part of a competition called Technology Student Association (TSA). While building machines and robots, I learned how to troubleshoot and fix problems and improved schematics given to build the machine. In TSA I have been part of a group and showed leadership giving tasks and making sure everyone in my grop is doing what they are supposed to. My role model is a man that goes by the alias DJ Enferno. DJ Enferno does what I want to do, he uses his STEM knowledge to build DJ controllers, mixers, and turntables to use for himself. He makes his own software, and uses others to make music. He programs MIDI controllers and uses it all to DJ and makes a living off of it. My motivation is seeing DJ Enferno perform, touring with celebrities and much more. I want to use my passion of music and technology to make music and technology that produces music. I feel like a STEM school would definitely benefit me because the STEM oriented community of learners will help me reach my goal by teaching me how to do what I want to do with my life. A STEM oriented community will set me on the path that I want to be and will help me learn how to create proficient software, build machines that produce music like DJ mixers and launchpads, and set me on a path that will take me to the places I want to go in this "path called life"